Software Testing and Quality Assurance

How to make good, well-structured and (nearly) bug-free software has been known now for a long time: after collecting and analysing the customers requirements and transforming them into a comprehensive and crisp specification, you start system and component design (accompanied by detailed reviews), followed by an accurate coding and a nitpicking testing phase. But in real life this well-organized and tidy painting-by-numbers style of creating software is a nice fairy-tale, often some kind of fantasy and horror novel is a more appropriate metaphor:

The crumbly walls of Code Castle are prevented from decay only by many layers of patches, and each incautious move or change may cause deep cracks, opening new dark ways for hideous bugs crawling into rooms and classes which are believed to be safe. Monsters are looming in dark code pits and dungeons, which were forgotten by programmers ages ago. There are secret tunnels connecting distant modules and classes, where hideous creatures creep and crawl through - and show up at unexpected places. So don't move, don't change or fix anything ... you may wake up evil. Nobody knows all rooms, pits, modules, tunnels, methods and dungeons - this is a maze where programmers and testers are doomed.

Let's face it: many products start as a Ad-Hoc solution for a single customer, as a "demo" or as a (rapid) prototype - without much design and structure. Products may have come to you by an acquisition and those people who start it are no longer available. There may be poor online and inline documentation, the code may have been heavily patched and never been redesigned and refactored. Even if a software product was well designed, written and documented in version 1.0, after version 3.1 or 7.2 piggybacked features may spoil the original structure and quick&dirty fixes implemented on the fly in face of unrealistic deadlines may scatter the code. Often programmers has to rely and build on code which they don’t understand and which is highly interdependent and coupled, therefore it's not possible to anticipate the result of any change completely - each new feature or bug fix may destabilize the program and any new build may end up in integration hell.

This is not only a disheartening situation for the programmers, also the testers won’t be happy: they can’t rely on neither that a bug being fixed in build n will also be away in all following builds, nor that a part of the code being tested successfully will remain stable later on. Therefore the test group will spend most of it’s time with regression tests to ensure that the code isn’t broken again – there won’t be enough time for more demanding tests such as scenario, stress, load and usability tests. Furthermore testers don’t understand why developers are reluctant to fix bugs and seem to ignore the tester’s work – bug fixes may be risky because they destabilize the code. Although the testers can get some relief by bashing the programmers for delivering lousy code, spending their time on repeating the same tests again and again isn’t the key to job satisfaction and professional development. Even worse the test group plays a conflicting role: on the one hand it detects bugs and helps the developers to get rid of them, on the other hand each bug fix (or a combination of fixes) may break the code. Especially if the bug finding and fixing rate is high, things may get out of control and end up in integration hell.

How to get out of this mess? Rewriting the code completely would solve the problem, but isn’t a realistic short-term option. Also unit testing is desirable, but will be difficult, if the program lacks design and documentation. How to start ?

To avoid integration hell or long code freezes the amount of changes between two builds has to be small and traceable. Therefore good Configuration Management and very frequent (daily !) builds accompanied by automated smoke tests are the first step. To create the automated smoke tests is a crucial task for developers and testers, which requires close collaboration. Also Configuration Management is a cross-functional task, for example the test group may support in administration of the Configuration and Change Management tools and – in doing so - get early and deep insight into the changes and fixes to come with the next handover. It’s obvious that organisational boundaries between development and testers would be troublesome and inefficient with respect to smoke test automation and configuration management.

Another challenge for development will be to avoid specialization of programmers on parts of the code. A programmer may tend to implement changes or fixes in “his” or “her” part of the code, although this may not be the appropriate place (i.e. the appropriate class). This will diminish encapsulation and screw up the program on the long run. Specialization may be avoided by pair programming, that means two programmers working together, – a standard technique in XP. In doing so the experience and know-how about a program will spread within development.

For the automated smoke tests are limited with respect to test coverage, there should be additional automated and manual regression tests each time the testers get a new handover, for example each week. It’s more effective to focus on task-based regression tests instead of testing single functions in isolation. These tests will be the second line of defence against broken builds and against bugs which sneaked into the code because of code changes.

Finally QA plays an important role in order to explore the maze of pits, tunnels and dungeons of Code Castle. Exploratory testing techniques are a powerful way to get information about an “unknown” program. These information is very useful for development in order to understand the code, and of course for the testers in order to create more targeted and more effective tests. Exploratory testing will also detect those unpredictable errors, which have been in the code for a long time and become visible now after some recent changes.

It’s sensible for development and testers not to work in a Find&Fix mode, i.e. to fix a bug as soon as possible. It’s better to redesign a buggy piece of code instead of fixing each bug found in this code piece-meal, leaving the code heavily patched and prone to future errors. So if a tester finds a bug, it will be reasonable to look for additional ones in the same part of the program instead of demanding a fix as soon as possible. The testers have to deliver information which helps developers to dry the swamp instead of fighting alligators.
I wish you the best for the renovation of the ruins of Code Castle.

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